The European elder (Sambucus nigra), also called black elder, is a deciduous shrub or small tree in the family Adoxaceae. The genus name Sambucus is derived from the Latin word sambuca, an ancient stringed instrument made from elder wood. The species epithet nigra means “black,” referring to the dark color of the ripe berries. The English word “elder” traces back to the Anglo-Saxon word æled meaning “fire,” as elder pith was used for kindling.

Native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and widely naturalized in North America, S. nigra produces clusters of fragrant white flowers and small, dark purple to black berries. Historically, both flowers and berries have been important in European folk medicine, food, and drink traditions.

The flowers are used fresh or dried in teas, cordials, and syrups, while the berries have been eaten cooked in jams, wines, and medicinal syrups. Raw berries and other parts of the plant contain toxic compounds, but cooking neutralizes these, making elderberry a valued seasonal fruit. In many European cultures, elder held mythological and protective associations, and its use remains embedded in traditional cuisine.

Today, S. nigra is cultivated for elderflower beverages (cordials, liqueurs) and elderberry-based products such as jams, dietary supplements, and herbal syrups marketed for immune support.